Myers, S. (eds. Canberra: Australian Speech Science and Technology Association. 60(2): 7197. Bantu languages provide an opportunity to compare phonetic differences between fairly large numbers of related languages. ), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Chapter 14. Borland, C. H. 45(1): 6169. & Both falling and rising intonation patterns are found in question prosodies. The pattern for the front vowels suggests a greater interaction of the major features of vowel height and backness with pharynx width. Wetzels, L. W. Figure 3.8 (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Lusoga (Lutenga). 2011: 2127). Journal of African Languages and Linguistics Pharyngeals have developed from velars in other Niger-Congo languages. Note that the tongue tip is on the right and the tongue root on the left, the reverse of the images in Figure 3.6. Vowel length contrasts occur in some Bantu languages, which may or may not be accompanied by changes in vowel quality and/or various processes of vowel lengthening (cf. & Leiden: Brill. Means of Fwe vowel formants are shown in in Rather, what is critical is that the larynx is lowering during their production, so that the size of the supralaryngeal cavity is being enlarged while the oral closure is maintained. Journal of the International Phonetic Association The Bantu Languages, 2019. What's in a Bantu verb? Actionality in Bantu languages Bantu vowel harmony constraints do not seem to be a survival of an older Benue-Congo or even Niger-Congo harmony (Stewart 2000), but to be mostly more or less local innovations with diverse patterns of implementation (Hyman 1999). EPG frames of a lateral click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. A detailed study of a weakly whistled fricative in Tsonga S53 shows that the narrowed lip posture is accompanied by a retroflex lingual gesture and thus may be transcribed with a retroflex fricative symbol [], e.g., [r] disasters (Lee-Kim et al. The mean formant values for Xhosa S41 vowels given by Roux and Holtzhausen (1989) are plotted in this way in 38(3): 404421. Faytak, M. (1998) Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia. Note that languages of Malawi and Tanzania are not shown on the map in & Noun class systems are universal and almost always marked by prefixes, occasionally by suffixes. Hualde Stewart, J. M. The special phonetic interest of consonantal nasality in the Bantu languages involves principally the prenasalised segments and the realisation of voiceless nasals. Contacted electrodes are shown as black squares and uncontacted ones as grey dots. Volume 4: A Catalogue of Common Bantu with Commentary. (2015) An Acoustic Study of Luganda Liquid Allophones. Kwasio A81 pharyngealised vowels differ significantly in vowel quality compared to their non-pharyngealised counterparts. Gowlett, D. F. Egert, M. (1981) Concise SiSwati Dictionary: SiSwati-English/English-SiSwati. , ), Handbook of Speech Production, 477504. Languages without tone do occur, e.g., Swahili G42, Mwiini G412, Nyakyusa M31, as do ones with more than two level tones, e.g., Kamba E55 and Oku (Grassfields Bantu) (Downing 2010, Hyman 2014).
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