Leading soldiers like Hoche, Pichegru and Carnot wielded significant political influence and often set policy; Campo Formio was approved by Bonaparte, not the Directory, which strongly objected to terms it considered too lenient. The Paris-based Insurrection of 31 May 2 June 1793 replaced the Girondins who dominated the National Assembly with the Committee of Public Safety, headed by Maximilien Robespierre. The first conscription measure or leve en masse on 24 February sparked riots in Paris and other regional centres. [65], The Civil Constitution of the Clergy of 12 July 1790 made them employees of the state, as well as establishing rates of pay and a system for electing priests and bishops. His success in that role resulted in promotion to the Army of Italy in April 1794, and the beginning of his rise to military and political power. De Lisle was instructed to 'produce a hymn which conveys to the soul of the people the enthusiasm which it (the music) suggests. Led by the revolutionary Franois-Nol Babeuf, their demands included the implementation of the 1793 Constitution and a more equitable distribution of wealth. [161], By February 1795, France had annexed the Austrian Netherlands, established their frontier on the left bank of the Rhine and replaced the Dutch Republic with the Batavian Republic, a satellite state. [176] Black armies drove the Spanish out of Saint-Domingue in 1795, and the last of the British withdrew in 1798. In May 1789, widespread social distress led to the convocation of the Estates General, which was converted into a National Assembly in June. The French Revolution, Its Outcome, and Legacy - ThoughtCo [72], The traditional force for preserving law and order was the army, which was increasingly divided between officers, who largely came from the nobility, and ordinary soldiers. A new page in the history of France was being written. Many people came day after day and vied for the best locations from which to observe the proceedings; knitting women (tricoteuses) formed a cadre of hardcore regulars, inciting the crowd. [133] Largely designed by Pierre Daunou and Boissy d'Anglas, it established a bicameral legislature, intended to slow down the legislative process, ending the wild swings of policy under the previous unicameral systems. "[112] [b], At the height of the Terror, the slightest hint of counter-revolutionary thought could place one under suspicion, and even its supporters were not immune. [215] As such, the revolution is often seen as the dividing point between the early modern and late modern periods of western history. [157], From 1701 to 1801, the population of Europe grew from 118 to 187million; combined with new mass production techniques, this allowed belligerents to support large armies, requiring the mobilisation of national resources. The new government enforced new reforms, incorporating the region into France itself. [123] A middle position suggests violence was not inevitable but the product of a series of complex internal events, exacerbated by war. [177], In republican controlled areas from 1793-99, freed slaves were required to work on their former plantations or for their former masters if they were in domestic service. [146] The architect of its end was Sieys, who when asked what he had done during the Terror allegedly answered "I survived".
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