PDF chemical composition of apples Hydrogen peroxide, aqueous solution 30%. Histone deacylation inhibition is associated with reduced colon carcinogenesis. The in vitro findings align with the results of animal studies, demonstrating that apple extracts modulate the cell cycle, an important mechanistic explanation of the observed effects of AP on mammary tumor inhibition. Based on this premise, a study was conducted in Brazil on 49 overweight women with high blood cholesterol levels to determine the effect of fruit intake on blood lipids and body weight (70). However, the authors suggest that more work remains to fully understand the effects of hydrolysis on antioxidant capacity in AP. Several recent intervention studies have examined the effect of fresh apple consumption on oxidative markers in humans. An extract isolated from a mixture of 4 apple varieties was incubated for 24 h with cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells to test the effect of AP on NF-B response to TNF stimulation. Apple juice concentrate may work by other mechanisms, including the ability to suppress overexpression of presenilin-1, which is linked to the production of amyloid peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (63, 64). Antioxidant activity, including the scavenging of free radicals, is thought to reduce cell proliferation and induce detoxification enzymes and apoptosis. A series of recent studies from the laboratory of Shea et al. This group developed a standardized mouse model of neurodegeneration in which aged mice exhibit impaired cognitive performance and increased oxidative parameters in brain tissue when subjected to a prooxidant diet (deficient in vitamin E and folate; high in iron). PDF Chemical Composition, Nutritional Properties and Antioxidant Activity The apple extract significantly inhibited cell proliferation and downregulated cell cycle protein expression. Exposure to apples and apple products has been associated with beneficial effects on risk, markers, and etiology of cancer, cardiovascular disease, asthma, and Alzheimer's disease. (23) recently reported that PKC activity was reduced by 50% in HT29 cells after 24-h exposure to apple extracts at a relatively high concentration (403 g/mL). Metals, sugars, organic . Given the increasing incidence of these 2 conditions, further study of the effect of AP on osteoporosis and diabetes is important to consider. Flavonoids are further divided into different classes based on molecular structure, several of which are present in significant quantities in AP, including flavanols, flavonols, and anthocyanidins as well as dihydrochalcones and hydroxycinnamic acids (3). Validated FFQ including 208 food items and photographic prompts were used to determine dietary intake and categorize food into quartiles. In spite of the similar chemical composition between some extracts, the antioxidant capacity determined by Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity differed, suggesting that there are unknown compounds accounting for the observed antioxidant effects of AP. Apple intake increased plasma total antioxidant activity by 64% at 3 and 6 h postconsumption compared to a water control, with resumption to baseline by 24 h after the test. As such, it would be inaccurate to conclusively state that apples alone induce weight loss on the basis of this study. Understanding and characterizing the bioavailability of AP in humans is important in examining their possible protective effects on colon cancer. In a combined investigation using cell and animal models to mimic nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug injury, cultured gastric epithelial cells (MKN 28 from a human gastric tubular adenocarcinoma) were exposed to oxidative stress via 2- to 3-h exposure to xanthine oxidase and live rats were subjected to indomethacin, each with or without treatment with phenolic-rich extracts of freeze-dried apple (flesh only).
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